Case Study on Performance Appraisal

The case study on performance appraisal implies both formal and informal processes that have a purpose to evaluate a specific employee or an organization. In common, it is set to determine ways of a further development. A crucial feature of the performance appraisal paper is an appeal to concrete examples, which illustrate positive or negative sides of company’s performance. It should be noted that by conducting the performance appraisal research, a company is able to improve its management since specific measures to overcome shortcomings can be devised. Background Anovex Inc. is quite a young company specializing in the production of kleenex. Founded in 2005 in the city of Montgomery, Alabama, the company’s commodity quickly achieved public recognition. Anovex Inc. was established on strict principles of a corporate responsibility, thereby, allowing the company to fully focus on developing qualitative products that will completely satisfy customers needs. Until the end of 2015, Anovex Inc. has already possessed approximately 75 percent of the Alabama’s kleenex market. Currently, the company employs 150 workers in their only production facilities in Montgomery. However, Anovex Inc. develops plans to penetrate into the markets of Louisiana and Mississippi. In fact, one of the most attractive features of Anovex Inc.’s kleenex is the application of hypoallergenic materials. Challenges At the beginning of 2016, Anovex Inc. has faced the threat of competition from the Cleancorp, the manufacturer of hygiene products with significant production capacities and market shares in West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, and Pennsylvania. Cleancorp began an aggressive campaign to capture all 100 percent of the Alabama kleenex market. Major difficulties for Anovex Inc. to struggle with Cleancorp implied the fact that Cleancorp has already existed from the late 1980s, thus, this company has a more considerable marketing experience. Specifically, due to a vaster scope of product lines, Cleancorp was able to quickly win a market share in Alabama by selling combined kits with kleenex and disinfectant. Additionally, Anovex Inc.’s ability to compete with Cleancorp was meager due to the fact that the top management tended to allocate all resources for the production of only one type of kleenex without any segmentation. Solutions Since Cleancorp possesses greater financial possibilities to expand geographically, it is barely possible for Anovex Inc. to compete by increasing the scopes of production. As the possible solution, Anovex Inc. may change a managerial approach and start to improve kleenex in different directions like size, smell, the extent of humidity, and other. In fact, a narrow specialization of Anovex Inc. allows it to understand the customers’ preferences sufficiently. At the same time, being quite a young brand, Anovex Inc. has more possibilities to manipulate the price since their kleenex do not contain a price cheat of a common famous brand. However, the presence of Anovex Inc. only in the Alabama state eventually made it prominent among local retailers. Based on this, Anovex Inc. should make all efforts to maintain the cooperation with them, perhaps, by introducing beneficial discount programs. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014). Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Hartley, R. F., Claycomb, C. (2013). Marketing mistakes and successes. Wiley. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013). Operations management: processes and supply chains. Pearson. Prahalad, C. K., Ramaswamy, V. (2013). The future of competition: Co-creating unique value with customers. Harvard Business Press. Sage, A. P. (2015). Risk modeling, assessment, and management. Y. Y. Haimes (Ed.). John Wiley Sons.

Japanese Comfort Women - 1493 Words

Japanese Comfort Women It is estimated that between one and two hundred thousand female sex slaves were forced to deliver sexual services to Japanese soldiers, both before and during World War II. These women were known as comfort women and the Imperial Conference, which was composed of the emperor, representatives from the armed forces and the main Cabinet ministers, approved their use by Japanese soldiers. (Walkom) The term comfort women refers to the victims of a premeditated systematic plan originated and implemented by the government of Japan to enslave women considered inferior and subject them to repeated mass rapes, said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of over 35 lawyers in his firm representing the former sexual prisoners in a class†¦show more content†¦In Japan, infected women were killed. Their food was mixed with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cave and finally, the cave was blown up with a grenade. The comfort houses made money off these women and it is believed that the Japanese government paid them, as most of the soldiers paid by coupons. As soon as the war was finished, the Japanese Imperialist guards disappeared without trace. Most comfort women describe the experience this way, Suddenly, the soldiers came no more, and upon asking we found that the war had ended. In other regions, as the Japanese committed â€Å"harikari, the women were forced to do the same. In extreme cases, the women were put in a cave and blown up. After the war, many of the comfort women were too sick to be moved and were taken under the care of the American army. Most of the women were left with no place to go, as they were in a strange country with no money, and were too humiliated to go home. According to one comfort woman, my bodys wasted, therefore I do not dare go home in fear of being ignored and looked down upon. Even after the war ended, the comfort women were not free. Their guilty minds and inferiority complexes kept them from returning home and they stayed in foreign countries. The small amount that married, were often forced to separate after the fact that they were comfort women was known, or they were divorced because they could not have children. The victims are stillShow MoreRelatedEssay on Japanese Comfort Women1011 Words   |  5 Pagesrights is increasing, atrocities of the Japanese Imperial Army are unveiling. â€Å"Comfort women† is sexual slavery system that was utilized by the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II. Due to pervious traumatic experiences and inputs they had, the struggle of former sex slaves for their rights and justice started in 1991, which is still continuing in present times. While they are declaring that Japanese Imperial Military trampled on their rights, some Japanese officials claim that Japan did not intrudeRead MoreEssay on Korean Comfort Women2590 Words   |  11 Pages Comfort women, or ianfu as they are called in Korean, are females who were forced sex slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army (Chunghee). Some of the women were dragged off with physical force as their families wept, while others were actually sold to the army by their destitute families (Watanabe). Still othe r were officially drafted by the Japanese Imperial Army and believed they would be factory workers or nurses (Hwang in Schellstede 4). Some Korean village leaders were ordered to send youngRead MorePreventing Sexual Diseases During World War I1372 Words   |  6 Pageshardly by a Japanese soldier that causes her arm broke, and it healed twists out of shape. Although comfort women regularly got medical examinations for the purpose of preventing sexual diseases, they could not get any further treatments for other health issues, such as broken bones, injuries from repeated abuse, and sexual intercourse. For these reasons, Japan has caused comfort women serious difficulties along with the miserable suffering from solemn physical injuries. As for comfort women, they hadRead More Yuki Tanakas Japans Comfort Women Essay examples1721 Words   |  7 PagesYuki Tanakas Japans Comfort Women This paper is a review of the book Japan’s Comfort Women-Sexual slavery and prostitution during WWII and the US occupation by Yuki Tanaka. This book was published in 2002 by Routledge. The book deals with the thousands of Japanese, Korean, Chinese and other Asian and European women who were victims of organized sexual violence and prostitution by means of â€Å"comfort stations† setup by the Japanese military during World War II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we first get intoRead MoreMilitary Prostitution During Japan s Imperial Rule864 Words   |  4 Pageshistorians have addressed the issue of military prostitution during Japan’s imperial rule and the United States role in it during their reign. For roughly 50 years’ comfort women were the silent victims of war. During the 1990’s and 2000’s many Korean comfort women came into the lime light by opening up about their experiences in the comfort system. The Feminist Studies journal published Na Young Lee’s scholarly work, â€Å"The Construction of Military Prostitution in South Korea during the U.S. MilitaryRead MoreEssay on Asian Women in the Eyes of Americans2297 Words   |  10 Pages Introduction The history of Asian women has many facets. I am about to touch on two key monumental points over a sixty year span that have shaped the views of Asian women in the eyes of Americans. As a brief overview, from as early as the 1940s, Asian women were recruited to serve their soldiers during World War II as sex slaves. Forty years later, the dawning of the 1980s brought about the desire of Asian women into American households and sparked the mail order bride phenomenonRead MorePost World War II : A Major Transformation Into What Is Now Globalisation?1806 Words   |  8 Pagesthat the men believe the women of color to be naturally sexual which meant they were able to act out fantasies that weren’t proper with white women. When white women were placed on pedestals, women of color were the ones being exploited. The major expansion of sexual exploitation and trafficking as a commercial commodity came during World War II. In the past thirty years, there has been a development in the information regarding the sexual violence against Asian women during World War II. BetweenRead MoreChina Vs Jap More Than A Century Of Conflict1381 Words   |  6 PagesChina and Japan have had conflict after conflict, from the first Sino-Japanese war between the Qing Empire and the Empire of Japan then the second Sino-Japanese war nearly 50 years later. The conflict between these two countries stems from fights over territory to constant scrutinization between the two because of cultural differences and what I believe has begun to exhibit signs of cultural incompetence. The First Sino- Japanese war allowed Japan to emerge as a major world power while revealing theRead MoreJapan s Foreign Policy During The End Of The Twentieth And Early Twentieth Century Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pageswas a strong militaristic country that held a strong power and influence in the Asia Pacific region. It was an expansionist and strong imperialist nation similar as the Western colonizers such as England, the Dutch, Russia, France and Germany. The Japanese empire extended from the Dutch East Indies in the south to Manchuria in the north before the country surrendered on September 1945 to the Allies. The Allied Power led by General Douglas MacArthur had occupied Japan for several years before it wasRead MoreThe During The Second World War Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesStates Navy starting in 1944. During his time in the war he was able to visit many islands that were once being occupied by the Japanese and could see the remainders of their rule. He was able to see wha t had happened to the local people who got caught in the middle of a war that they had no place in and how it affect all of them. That is what I researched, how the Japanese treated the people that they occupied and what had happened to the people during the Second World War. Before the start of

Japanese Comfort Women - 1493 Words

Japanese Comfort Women It is estimated that between one and two hundred thousand female sex slaves were forced to deliver sexual services to Japanese soldiers, both before and during World War II. These women were known as comfort women and the Imperial Conference, which was composed of the emperor, representatives from the armed forces and the main Cabinet ministers, approved their use by Japanese soldiers. (Walkom) The term comfort women refers to the victims of a premeditated systematic plan originated and implemented by the government of Japan to enslave women considered inferior and subject them to repeated mass rapes, said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of over 35 lawyers in his firm representing the former sexual prisoners in a class†¦show more content†¦In Japan, infected women were killed. Their food was mixed with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cave and finally, the cave was blown up with a grenade. The comfort houses made money off these women and it is believed that the Japanese government paid them, as most of the soldiers paid by coupons. As soon as the war was finished, the Japanese Imperialist guards disappeared without trace. Most comfort women describe the experience this way, Suddenly, the soldiers came no more, and upon asking we found that the war had ended. In other regions, as the Japanese committed â€Å"harikari, the women were forced to do the same. In extreme cases, the women were put in a cave and blown up. After the war, many of the comfort women were too sick to be moved and were taken under the care of the American army. Most of the women were left with no place to go, as they were in a strange country with no money, and were too humiliated to go home. According to one comfort woman, my bodys wasted, therefore I do not dare go home in fear of being ignored and looked down upon. Even after the war ended, the comfort women were not free. Their guilty minds and inferiority complexes kept them from returning home and they stayed in foreign countries. The small amount that married, were often forced to separate after the fact that they were comfort women was known, or they were divorced because they could not have children. The victims are stillShow MoreRelatedEssay on Japanese Comfort Women1011 Words   |  5 Pagesrights is increasing, atrocities of the Japanese Imperial Army are unveiling. â€Å"Comfort women† is sexual slavery system that was utilized by the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II. Due to pervious traumatic experiences and inputs they had, the struggle of former sex slaves for their rights and justice started in 1991, which is still continuing in present times. While they are declaring that Japanese Imperial Military trampled on their rights, some Japanese officials claim that Japan did not intrudeRead MoreEssay on Korean Comfort Women2590 Words   |  11 Pages Comfort women, or ianfu as they are called in Korean, are females who were forced sex slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army (Chunghee). Some of the women were dragged off with physical force as their families wept, while others were actually sold to the army by their destitute families (Watanabe). Still othe r were officially drafted by the Japanese Imperial Army and believed they would be factory workers or nurses (Hwang in Schellstede 4). Some Korean village leaders were ordered to send youngRead MorePreventing Sexual Diseases During World War I1372 Words   |  6 Pageshardly by a Japanese soldier that causes her arm broke, and it healed twists out of shape. Although comfort women regularly got medical examinations for the purpose of preventing sexual diseases, they could not get any further treatments for other health issues, such as broken bones, injuries from repeated abuse, and sexual intercourse. For these reasons, Japan has caused comfort women serious difficulties along with the miserable suffering from solemn physical injuries. As for comfort women, they hadRead More Yuki Tanakas Japans Comfort Women Essay examples1721 Words   |  7 PagesYuki Tanakas Japans Comfort Women This paper is a review of the book Japan’s Comfort Women-Sexual slavery and prostitution during WWII and the US occupation by Yuki Tanaka. This book was published in 2002 by Routledge. The book deals with the thousands of Japanese, Korean, Chinese and other Asian and European women who were victims of organized sexual violence and prostitution by means of â€Å"comfort stations† setup by the Japanese military during World War II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As we first get intoRead MoreMilitary Prostitution During Japan s Imperial Rule864 Words   |  4 Pageshistorians have addressed the issue of military prostitution during Japan’s imperial rule and the United States role in it during their reign. For roughly 50 years’ comfort women were the silent victims of war. During the 1990’s and 2000’s many Korean comfort women came into the lime light by opening up about their experiences in the comfort system. The Feminist Studies journal published Na Young Lee’s scholarly work, â€Å"The Construction of Military Prostitution in South Korea during the U.S. MilitaryRead MoreEssay on Asian Women in the Eyes of Americans2297 Words   |  10 Pages Introduction The history of Asian women has many facets. I am about to touch on two key monumental points over a sixty year span that have shaped the views of Asian women in the eyes of Americans. As a brief overview, from as early as the 1940s, Asian women were recruited to serve their soldiers during World War II as sex slaves. Forty years later, the dawning of the 1980s brought about the desire of Asian women into American households and sparked the mail order bride phenomenonRead MorePost World War II : A Major Transformation Into What Is Now Globalisation?1806 Words   |  8 Pagesthat the men believe the women of color to be naturally sexual which meant they were able to act out fantasies that weren’t proper with white women. When white women were placed on pedestals, women of color were the ones being exploited. The major expansion of sexual exploitation and trafficking as a commercial commodity came during World War II. In the past thirty years, there has been a development in the information regarding the sexual violence against Asian women during World War II. BetweenRead MoreChina Vs Jap More Than A Century Of Conflict1381 Words   |  6 PagesChina and Japan have had conflict after conflict, from the first Sino-Japanese war between the Qing Empire and the Empire of Japan then the second Sino-Japanese war nearly 50 years later. The conflict between these two countries stems from fights over territory to constant scrutinization between the two because of cultural differences and what I believe has begun to exhibit signs of cultural incompetence. The First Sino- Japanese war allowed Japan to emerge as a major world power while revealing theRead MoreJapan s Foreign Policy During The End Of The Twentieth And Early Twentieth Century Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pageswas a strong militaristic country that held a strong power and influence in the Asia Pacific region. It was an expansionist and strong imperialist nation similar as the Western colonizers such as England, the Dutch, Russia, France and Germany. The Japanese empire extended from the Dutch East Indies in the south to Manchuria in the north before the country surrendered on September 1945 to the Allies. The Allied Power led by General Douglas MacArthur had occupied Japan for several years before it wasRead MoreThe During The Second World War Essay1735 Words   |  7 PagesStates Navy starting in 1944. During his time in the war he was able to visit many islands that were once being occupied by the Japanese and could see the remainders of their rule. He was able to see wha t had happened to the local people who got caught in the middle of a war that they had no place in and how it affect all of them. That is what I researched, how the Japanese treated the people that they occupied and what had happened to the people during the Second World War. Before the start of

Conflict Management Disputes Within Organization

Question: Discuss about the Conflict Management for Disputes Within Organization. Answer: Introduction The conflict management is an important process, where all the matters of disputes are settled that exist within an organization. This can help to bring good coordination within the employees of an organization and thereby increase the effectiveness and business performance (Zhang et al., 2016). In this assignment, the theories and concepts related to the conflict management have been discussed. The conflict and dispute within an organization can be of many types and can have huge impact within the organization. The different type of organizational conflicts and their impact on Emaar properties, which is a company from Dubai, is mentioned in details. Recommendations to neutralize the organizational conflicts are also given. Theories and Concepts of Conflict management The individuals, who are working within an organization, can have different perceptions and opinions about their own and hence, it is very likely that they might face conflict with other employees within the organization (Safi Kolahi, 2016). Therefore, conflict is a process of opposition that occurs between the groups and individuals within an organization. The local culture of Dubai will have huge impact in the conflict management of Emaar properties. In case of collectivistic culture, people try to help others within n the same community. Individuals are also dependent on others to get the support to with the help of improved communication techniques. In UAE people follow this collectivistic culture and thus it is easily possible to resolve the conflicts that can occur in a local organization. On the other hand, in individualistic culture people do not believe in the effectiveness of teamwork. A business organization, where there is individualistic culture has greater possibility of having a conflict. The conflict within an organization can have both positive and negative effects depending on the nature of the conflict. Wolff Yakinthou (2013) believes that the conflict can promote the individual performance and also the performance of the team within a company. It can also help the company to gain competitive advantage. Types of Conflict and their Impact The interpersonal conflict is one of the major kinds of dispute that occurs within an organization, which arise due to the difference in the attitude and behavior between individuals. According to Prenzel Vanclay (2013), poor communication and understandings within the employees are one of the main causes for interpersonal conflict within an organization. Inter personal conflict is one of the major area of concern for the project manager of Emaar properties and due to this performance level has been compromised. The management of the company can be biased towards certain employed and can adopt unfair ways to reward promotion for the company. This is also one of the major causes of interpersonal conflict within Emaar properties. de Wit et al., (2012), stated that some types of conflict can yield positive result for a company as it helps in the making of better decision process. Additionally, it can also help to improve the responsiveness of the in the external environment. The constructive conflicts are the ones, which helps to improve the productivity of an organization. With the help of constructive conflict, it is possible to improve the communication between the workers of a company. On the other hand, the destructive conflict can lower the performance level of a company. In this case, one group or individual within an organization tries to dominate over the other. The lack of coordination within different departments of the organisation is mainly responsible for the destructive conflict. The inter-group conflict is also one the major type of organizational conflict, which occurs due to the disputes between two different groups or departments of the organization (Goetsch Davis, 2014). In Emaar properties, there is a dispute between the human resource department and the software department of the company. On the other hand, conflict can also arise within members of the same group and department, which is called the intra-group conflict. The disagreements and different attitude or behavior of various individuals within a group are one of the prime reasons for inter-group conflict. According to Di Pietro Di Virgilio (2013), intragroup conflict can have negative effect on the performance of the organization. Task conflict is highly associated with intra-group conflict in a workplace. This happens, when two or more parties within an organization are unable to reach a definite solution for a problem. Nevertheless, the intra-group task conflict can also have positive effects on the individual and group level performance as it opens up the chance of exchanging ideas. It is the duty of the manager and also the team members to make the best use of the intra-group meetings and discussions that are done to resolve the conflict. Suggestions to avoid Organizational conflicts Qian, Cao Takeuchi (2013), suggested that it is important to understand the root cause of conflict so that it is possible to make strategic plan to avoid conflict. Hence, the project manager of Emaar properties needs to understand the issues that are lowering the internal performance of the company. The target setting is an important part of strategy planning. In order to minimize the conflicts, it is crucial for Emaar proprieties to make realistic goals so that all the employees can have good level of coordination among themselves. The project manager of the company also needs to have good level of interpersonal relation with every employee. This will help to avoid all types of conflicts and confusion among the workers in the workplace. Hence, it is important for the manger to have good communication and effective decision-making skills. Regular meetings and group discussion sessions can also help in exchange of ideas among the individuals in the company. This will help to increase the coordination and all the workers can provide full potential in their workplace and minimize the level of dispute. Conclusion The conflict and disputes with a business organisation is one of the prime reasons for the poor performance. It can lower the reputation of a company. Nevertheless, there are few conflicts that can have positive impact. It is the duty of the project manager of Emaar properties to make effective planning for conflict management avoid all unfavorable internal environment of the company and make the best use of every situation. Reference de Wit, F. R., Greer, L. L., Jehn, K. A. (2012). The paradox of intragroup conflict: a meta-analysis.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(2), 360. Di Pietro, L., Di Virgilio, F. (2013). The role of organizational culture on informal conflict management.International Journal of Public Administration,36(13), 910-921. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Prenzel, P. V., Vanclay, F. (2014). How social impact assessment can contribute to conflict management.Environmental Impact Assessment Review,45, 30-37. Qian, C., Cao, Q., Takeuchi, R. (2013). Top management team functional diversity and organizational innovation in China: The moderating effects of environment.Strategic Management Journal,34(1), 110-120. Safi, M. H., Kolahi, A. A. (2016). The Relationship between Job Satisfaction with Burnout and Conflict Management Styles in Employees.Community Health,2(4), 266-274. Wolff, S., Yakinthou, C. (Eds.). (2013).Conflict management in divided societies: theories and practice. Routledge. Zhang, J., Li, H., Luo, X., Warkentin, M. (2016). Exploring the Effects of the Privacy?Handling Management Styles of Social Networking Sites on User Satisfaction: A Conflict Management Perspective.Decision Sciences.

The Battle Between The Spanish Armada And The British Fleet Essays

The Battle Between the Spanish Armada and the British Fleet ~1588~ In the later part of the 16th century, Spain was the major international power and either ruled, colonized, or exercised influence over much of the known world. Spanish power was at it's height and Spain's leader, King Philip II, pledged to conquer the Protestant heretics in England that began as a result of the Reformation. Philip held personal hostility towards England's Queen Elizabeth I and was desirous of eliminating a major sea-going rival for economic reasons. Elizabeth encouraged Sir Francis Drake and other English seamen to raid Spanish ships and towns to invest in some of their wealth. The English also began to aid the Dutch Protestants who were rebelling against Spanish rule. The Treaty of Nonsuch (1585) along with damaging raids by Drake against the Spanish commerce finally convinced Philip that a direct invasion of England was necessary. Philip wanted to restore England to Catholicism, keep his wealth he discovered, and prove that his country is still looked upon as all-powerful. King Philip disliked Elizabeth with a passion. He tried to plot against her ages ago with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, in 1568. She was beheaded in 1587 for she pose a threat to the queen and England's safety. Finally Philip decided he had to do something about it himself. He drew up a flawless plan that wouldn't underrating England's ability to defend herself, Philip organized a brilliant fleet, which he called his Spanish Armada. It was called 'Invincible', the fleet of unprecedented size and strength. His Armada consisted of about 130 ships from his Mediterranean and Atlantic fleets, from the Portuguese navy and his allies, with as many as 8,000 seamen and possibly 19,000 soldiers. These ships were to join 30,000 troops who had been fighting in the Spanish Netherlands under Philip's commander, the Duke of Parma. Don ?lvaro de Baz?n, Marquis of Santa Cruz, who had initially organized the Armada, did not live to command it. His successor, Alonso P?rez de Guzm?n, Duke of Medina Sidonia, was no less intelligent and courageous. The men were inexperienced and their knowledge of ships and battles was poor. Their ships were mainly line-of-battle ships, and the rest being mostly transports and light craft. They were conscious that even their best craft were slower and less reliable than those of the English and less well armed with weapons, but they counted on being able to force boarding actions if the English offered battle. The Armada set sail from Lisbon on May 9, 1588, but gales forced it back soon after. The voyage was not resumed until July 22. Since November 1587 the English and the Dutch had been aware of Philip's intentions. To prevent a juncture of Parma's army with the Armada, they had several troops patrolling the Netherlands coast. The English fleet was under command of Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham Ships were anchored at Plymouth on the English Channel to blockade and destroy the Armada before it left the Spanish coast. On July 29, 1588, the wind direction made this impossible and the Armada was already first sighted off the Scilly Isles, near the coast of Cornwall in southwestern England. The Armada reached the Strait of Dover on August 61 (Having already entered the English Channel on July 30) and anchored at Calais, France. This is where Medina Sidonia had planned to meet Parma in Flanders. The Dutch gunboats prevented the barges from meeting the Armada and this defect in their strategy was to prove disastrous. In the early hours of August 7-8, the English launched eight fire ships2 into the Spanish fleet, forcing the Spanish ships to cut or slip their cables, thus losing their anchors, and stand out to sea to escape the flames. The 'Invincible' Armada's formation was thus completely broken. At dawn on the 8th about 60 English ships attacked the disorganized Spanish ships off the French port of Gravelines. Three Spanish ships were sunk or driven ashore, and the others were badly battered. During all the battles, the wind direction and speed and waves and currents had a great effect on the movement of the ships. Both the west wind and the English fleet now prevented the Armada from rejoining Parma, and it was forced to make the passage back to Spain around the northern tip of Scotland. The English fleet turned back in search of supplies when the Armada passed the Firth of Forth and there was no further fighting, but the long voyage home through the autumn gales of the North Atlantic proved fatal

J.F.K. theories essays

J.F.K. theories essays What really happened on November 22, 1963? Nobody knows exactly what happened, that's what makes this story the greatest mystery of our time. The assassination changed the course of history, and the way that many people think about the government. There's much more involved here than the death of a president. Before visiting Dealey Plaza, viewing JFK movies and documentaries about the assassination, reading and visiting web sites on the subject. All we know for sure is that between 3 and 6 shots were fired, and that at least 2 of those shots came from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. To illustrate how our opinion has changed, we assigned probabilities (before in the table, below. Before After Oswald acted alone, there was no conspiracy 75% 45% Oswald fired all shots, but others were involved in a 5 0.4 Oswald and another shooter fired shots, as part of a 20 54 Oswald was part of a conspiracy, but did not fire 0 0.4 Oswald knew nothing about the assassination, and 0 ...

Introducing Integers and Rational Numbers to Students with Disabilities

Introducing Integers and Rational Numbers to Students with Disabilities Positive (or natural) and negative numbers can confuse students with disabilities. Special education students face special challenges when confronted with math after 5th grade. They need to have an intellectual foundation built using manipulatives and visuals in order to be prepared to do operations with negative numbers or apply algebraic understanding of integers to algebraic equations. Meeting these challenges will make the difference for children who might have the potential to attend college. Integers are whole numbers but can be whole numbers both greater than or less than zero. Integers are easiest to understand with a number line. Whole numbers that are greater than zero are called natural, or positive numbers. They increase as they move to the right away from the zero. Negative numbers are below or to the right of the zero. Number names grow bigger (with a minus for negative in front of them) as they move away from the zero to the right. Numbers growing larger, move to the left. Numbers growing smaller (as in subtraction) move to the right. Common Core Standards for Integers and Rational Numbers Grade 6, the Numbers System (NS6)Students will apply and extend previous understandings of numbers to the system of rational numbers. NS6.5. Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation.NS6.6. Understand a rational number as a point on the number line. Extend number line diagrams and coordinate axes familiar from previous grades to represent points on the line and in the plane with negative number coordinates.NS6.6.a. Recognize opposite signs of numbers as indicating locations on opposite sides of 0 on the number line; recognize that the opposite of the opposite of a number is the number itself, e.g., (-3) 3, and that 0 is its own opposite.NS6.6.b. Understand signs of numbers in ordered pairs as indicating locations in quadrants of the coordinate plane; recognize that when two ordered pairs differ only by signs, the locations of the points are related by reflections across one or both axes. NS6.6.c. Find and position integers and other rational numbers on a horizontal or vertical number line diagram; find and position pairs of integers and other rational numbers on a coordinate plane. Understanding Direction and Natural (positive) and Negative Numbers. We emphasize the use of the number line rather than counters or fingers when students are learning operations so that practice with the number line will make understanding natural and negative numbers much easier. Counters and fingers are fine to establish one to one correspondence but will become crutches rather than supports for higher level math. The pdf number line is for positive and negative integers. Run the end of the number line with positive numbers on one color, and the negative numbers on another. After students have cut them out and glued them together, have them laminated. You can use an overhead projector or write on the line with markers (though they often stain the laminate) to model problems like 5 - 11 -6 on the number line. I also have a pointer made with a glove and a dowel and a larger laminated number line on the board, and I call one student to the board to demonstrate the numbers and jumps. Provide lots of practice. You Integer Number Line should be part of your daily warm up until you really feel that students have mastered the skill. Understanding the Applications of Negative Integers. Common Core Standard NS6.5 offers some great examples for applications of negative numbers: Below sea level, debt, debits and credits, temperatures below zero and positive and negative charges can help students understand the application of negative numbers. The positive and negative poles on magnets will help students understand the relationships: how a positive plus a negative moves to the right, how two negatives make a positive. Assign students in groups the task of making a visual chart to illustrate the point being made: perhaps for altitude, a cross cut showing Death Valley or the Dead Sea next and its surroundings, or a thermostat with pictures to show whether people are hot or cold above or below zero. Coordinates on an XY Graph Students with disabilities need lots of concrete instruction on locating coordinates on a chart. Introducing ordered pairs (x,y) i.e. (4, -3) and locating them on a chart is a great activity to do with a smart board and a digital projector. If you dont have access to a digital projector or EMO, you might just create a xy coordinates chart on a transparency and have students locate the dots.

US Immigration Policy And How It Affects US Economy Research Paper

US Immigration Policy And How It Affects US Economy - Research Paper Example The first legal regulations for immigration into the US were targeting the Asian community, with the first being the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, under the administration of President Chester A. Arthur (Soennichsen 67). According to the law, regulations were in place to prohibit Chinese citizens from immigrating into the US on any conditions. There was further amendment to the law, enabling it to remain in effect until the Second World War. Part of the Chinese Exclusion Act was against the immigration of â€Å"idiots, lunatics, and convicts† into the US population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was part of a long-standing anti-Chinese sentiment since their immigration into the country during the gold rush era. The act was initially set to ban the immigration of the Chinese citizens for the ten-year duration but was extending it indefinitely in 1904. During the gold rush era, most Chinese citizens fled to form their country in search of employment opportunities from their failing economy. There was looming poverty, and the free entry to the US provided an opportune chance for them to escape poverty. On arrival to the country, the Chinese immigrants became an exploited labour force for the Americans, notably the California natives. The â€Å"small† wages they were receiving from the Americans was relatively high in comparison to their 1850s economy. Most of the Chinese became miners, while others ventured into the laundry business (especially in San Francisco where the business was lucrative ).

September 11, 2001 and the Global War on Terror Essay

September 11, 2001 and the Global War on Terror - Essay Example special intelligence unit was set up by Secretary of Defense who proved al-Qaeda as the possible terrorist organization, even in absence of any proofs. A number of experts have related Sepoy Mutiny, as a conventional version of suicidal attacks of September 11, 2001, and Global War on Terror with the United States attempt to dominate the globe with its absolute military supremacy.** (Johnson, pp. 139) In specific, this paper will try to understand different aspects of 9/11 attacks and the responsive Global War on Terrori in light of readings from the given text. The abovementioned suicidal attacks of September 11, 2001 resulted in deaths of 2974 people in the country. Civilians were the irresistible majority of casualties in these attacks. Additionally, collapse of the World Trade Center resulted in contaminated dust that resulted in the deaths of many people due to lung disease. In light of such tragedy and losses of human lives, a golden opportunity was provided to the United States for removal of Taliban from the face of the globe without support from any of the countries. (Johnson, pp. 181) A number of experts indicated that public relations activities of the Pentagon were boosted and went to its pinnacle only hours after the 9/11 attacks, which assaulted Afghani Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Saddam Hussein behind these devlish attacks. On the other hand, Central Asian oil politics was one of the hidden and significant causes of the Global War on Terror besides the responsive action after the 9/11 attacks. (Johnson, pp. 181) A War on Terrorism was declared by the United States soon after the 9/11 attacks, and deposition of Taliban’s involvement in the attacks resulted in launching of invasion of Afghanistan. The USA Patriot Act was passed for the abovementioned deposition of harbor of al-Qaeda militants. In the result, law enforcement authorities were expanded by a number of other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Pakistan, etc. Some of the critics

Rebellion and Social Norms Among Youth Essay Example for Free

Rebellion and Social Norms Among Youth Essay Young people have a tendency not to comply with any laws when it’s come to their wellbeing. Young people always try to express their opinions and restrain from obeying their leaders which sometimes lead to a disaster result of their poor decisions in life. According to Gary Schwartz book, explain what happens in Sammy’s mind and what causes the reaction of quitting his job at the end (Schwartz 55). Therefore, the issue of young people is rebellion against their social norms is the central theme of the â€Å"AP† john Updike story. At the beginning of the story, Sammy is fully within his place in society as a whole (Saldana 95). Meaning that he is just an average teenager with an average job in a small town where everyone knows each other. At that time, Sammy was a cashier at a supermarket named AP in a small town north of Boston in 1961. There begins Sammy’s rebellion when the trio of girls enter the supermarket with bathing suits on and barefoot. After the girls enter the Supermarket and walk in every department to look for the item they need. Lengel the manager of the supermarket approaches the girls and lectures them on what they are wearing on them inside of the supermarket. After the girls walk away, Sammy gets mad and decides to quit his job at this point. Sammy unleashes an impression identity style behavior against Lengel (Schwartz 35). Which mean Sammy feels for the first time in his life that he has to let go his timidity and confront Lengel without thinking of his action to get Queenie attention. The way Lengel undresses the girls with his eyes make Sammy sick to his stomach. That is what triggers Sammy’s anger to react as if he does not care of what happens to him. As long he receives Queenie’s attention, it’s enough for him. Today, young people wear any kind of clothes that attract people’s attention. Sometimes the way they dress can be very provocative. Even though Sammy is gloomy at the beginning of the story, he begins to feel his happiness at the end but not the way he has plan it would be for his action. Sammy has gone from being judgmental to a hero Fritz 2 and then he starts regretting his decisions (Saldana 96). He experiences a transformation; he knows that life will be harder for him hereafter. That is why an old priest of Haiti said â€Å"one must never act in conformity with society and should be willing to take risks†. Meaning a wrong move at any time can make the society reject you. Social class structures have a significant role in this story and can be viewed as one of the norms that Sammy is rebelling against (Schwartz 45). Perhaps in Lengel mind, he thinks that they come from a low class family that does not teach them how to act in public. When Lengel makes it his business to reprimand Queenie and the other girls, she maintains her stubborn comportment and explains that she is here to pick up an item that her mother requests her to buy. In response to this, Lengel takes a step further by first repeating himself and then explains to the girls, â€Å"We want you decently dressed when you come in here† (Updike). According to Sammy, Lengel is a heart cold person, whose interpretation of the ideal person in this society: God fearing, church people who know their place and not go against their will. It is at this point in the story that Queenie loses her bearing for the first time. Sammy’s response to this predicts that his decision to defy Lengel and the supermarket rules will be signified by his exposing his own shoulders, and that is precisely what occurs. Rebellion and social norms appear to have an impact among young people this day. Most of the time, they stand up for what they feel is right and neglect the consequences. Sammy was able to bring attention to him, but it did not work the way that he had planned it would be. The girls most likely didn’t even know that Sammy even quit his job. He tried very hard to get Queenie to see him and accept him, but that didn’t work either. That is why people can never sympathize with Sammy’s action because it results to an act of rebellion against his social norms.

Genetic Screening Essay examples -- Science Genetics Papers

Genetic Screening Genetic screening techniques are coming of age and the controversy that surrounds them is growing by the minute. The definition of genetic screenings is as follows: a systematic search for persons with a specific genotype. These tests that look into the essence of humanity, will allow scientist and physicians the opportunity and ability to alter the human genotype for better or worse. Genetic advancements will bring controversy at every milestone. Genetic Screening usually takes place when an individu al or group shows risk for a disease or trait. Genetic testing can pinpoint a specific allelic interaction or multiple gene interactions, which may lead to a disorder. The common thread of life is DNA and DNA is the only major requirement for genetic sc reening. With knowledge of structure and function of DNA scientists can unlock the mysteries of life. Who should be tested, when should someone be tested and who should know about the results are some of the small questions that society must answer about the ethics of genetic testing. Ethics plays a major role in understanding the controversy that surrou nds genetic testing. In the following pages I will discuss ethics, techniques, types of test available, major issues, pros and cons associated with genetic screening and finally my opinion. To fully understand the concept of genetic screening some essentials background knowledge is required. First, life replicates itself for the most part in the same manner in all organisms. Second, DNA is the molecule of heredity. DNA provides life its bl ueprints for building, replicating and surviving. Humans have a wide variety of DNA sequences, but the majority of sequences are common to all humans. DNA condenses to f... ...at genetic screening and genetic test are the way of the future and can benefit all with proper regulation. References Allen, B., (1994). Predictive genetic testing: ethical, legal and social implications. USA Today Nov 1994:66-69. Reference 2. Harper, P., (1993)Insurance and genetic testing. The Lancet Jan1993:224-228. Reference 3. Roberts, L. (1990) To test or not to test? Science 247:17-19. Reference 4. Time(1996) Do you want to know if the news is bad? Time v148:29 Reference 5. Blatt, R., An Overview of Genetic Screening and Diagnostic Test in Health Care. Obtained form www.geneletter.org/0996/screening.htm Stawicki, S., Pros of Genetic Screening. Obtained form: biology.uoregon.edu/Biology_WWW/Biospheres/winter95/GeneticS/G.ScreenPros.html Ynachinski, S., Genetic Screeing for Disease. Obtained form www.biotech.ca/projects/tbi/tbi02.htm

Independant Study Program Essay

It is not the pedigree or the school that is the mark of success but rather the ability of an individual to use the training and the education. This is something that I have always believed all my life. I have never been intimidated by those who come from private schools and neither have I been intimidated by those who go to conventional high schools. I have been firm in my belief that there is so much more that I can gain from an independent study program. The best education is one that is flexible and can adapt to the necessities of today’s world. Oftentimes, education in conventional high schools is strict and rigid. There is no room for creativity and very little room for self-discovery as one is limited by the confines of the classroom. This limitation stifles one’s personal intellectual and psychological growth not to mention the contamination that comes from other sources a child is exposed to. There is no room for growth over and above what is uttered by teachers and instructors who are not so much motivated by the child’s educational development as they are by their next paycheck. This is the advantage that an independent study program provides. It is flexible enough to adjust to the needs of the student. It also allows those who are fast paced to explore other avenues that they wish to explore and learn about. It allows talented individuals to push the limits of their talents and fully achieve their potential. The manner by which independent study programs allow students to tailor fit their study programs is a definite advantage because it allows them to grow at a pace that is more comfortable to them. An education is something that is not fixed. It is not something that is forced on anyone. It is a partnership, a relationship between the teacher and the student that comes from an understanding of the limits of the student and the goals of the teacher. Education is about being the best that one can be.

Evaluating Poetry Essay

The poem â€Å"Gods Will for You and Me† is the good poem and â€Å"Pied Beauty† is the bad poem according to Perrine standards.  The central purpose of both these poems is to encourage the readers’ individual feelings about God. The poem â€Å"Pied Beauty† is extremely didactic. The writer of this poem is preaching God on the reader. They are trying to get the reader to see all of the things that God has created on the earth and how amazing each one is. The whole poem seems to be a continuous praise on God. The poem even ends with a very clear cut statement, â€Å"Praise him.† This may leave a reader feeling uncomfortable or uneasy. Some of the phrases used in â€Å"Pied Beauty† do not seem to be the best choices for the writing. The phrase â€Å"brinded cow† does not sound as nice as other phrases and does not make me want to love the cow like the writer is suggesting. The phrase â€Å"with swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim;† breaks the flow of the poem and could have been left out or worded in a different way. The poem â€Å"Gods Will for You and Me† is getting the point across to be â€Å"loyal to God† in a much simpler and easy going manner. The poem is more realistic and although it has a childlike rhyme to it, it is still fresh and original. It makes me feel, as a reader, that following Gods plan is easy and simple, such as the poem itself. While it is sweet and sentimental it is not over the top or over stimulating to the readers emotions. When it comes to evaluating poetry according to Perrine’s standards, I don’t agree that rating a poem good or bad should be based on certain rules. As a reader, if what you are reading is making you feel good inside then it should be considered a good poem, even if it is sentimental, rhetorical, or didactic. For me, when I read poetry, if I can make sense of what the writer is saying and makes me feel any emotion from the writing, then I declare it a good poem. Didactic poetry should be considered good also, due to the fact that even though it is praising, it is still a strong emotional reading that is getting a point across, whether the reader chooses to follow or agree is  up to them to decide.

Auditory neuropathy paper Essays

Auditory neuropathy paper Essays Auditory neuropathy paper Essay Auditory neuropathy paper Essay Introduction Auditory neuropathy ( AN ) is defined as a sensorineural hearing upset characterised by an absent or badly unnatural audile brain-stem response ( ABR ) , in malice of integral otoacoustic emanations ( OAEs ) ( Madden et al. 2002 ; ( Dowley et. al 2009 ) . AN is associated with impaired hearing on behavioral pure-tone audiology, absent acoustic physiological reactions, and hapless address acknowledgment, peculiarly in noisy environments ( Dowley et. al 2009 ) . A old survey ( Madden et.al 2002 ) , clinically defines AN as hearing loss, normally bilateral, of any grade ; normal outer hair map as evidenced by the presence of OAEs and/or cochlear microphonics ( CM ) ; unnatural elicited potencies get downing with wave 1 of the ABR ; hapless address perceptual experience ; and absent acoustic physiological reactions to the ipsilateral and contralateral tones at a 110dB hearing degrees. Auditory neuropathy has become recognised in the pediatric population, preponderantly after the debut of newborn hearing showing trials. Although the prevalence of AN is non known, general consensus suggests that bulk of instances lie within the population of neonatal intensive attention unit ( NICU ) graduates ( Khairi et al. 2009 ; Dunkley et Al. 2003 ) . They likely site of AN pathology is the cochlear nervus, and by agencies of rehabilitation utilizing cochlear implants outputs good consequences ( Miyamoto et al. 1999 ; Madden et Al. 2002 ; Raveh et Al. 2007 ) The possible benefit of cochlear nidation in audile neuropathy until now is an unfastened inquiry. A recent survey ( blah bombast ) , suggests that cochlear implants may hold a important function in direction of AN. Cochlear implants provide supraphysiologic electrical stimulation to the auditory nervus and may better the synchronism of the nervous activity ( Raveh et. al 2007 ) . Four old surveies ( Miyamoto et al. 1999 ; Madden et Al. 2002 ; Peterson et Al. 2003 ; Mason et Al. 2003 ) , have reported improved audiological public presentation, good implant evoked brain-stem responses, every bit good as good NRT after nidation. We present two instances of AN, who ab initio presented to our clinic with inborn hearing loss. After assessment these two instances took portion in the Libyan cochlear implant programme ( LCIP ) and were successfully installed with cochlear implants. In this paper we discuss their presentation, audiological consequences, their advancement after nidation and the function of cochlear implants in the direction of auditory neuropathy Subjects Two male patients, aged five and six severally, who presented with inborn hearing loss and were later found to hold preserved OAEs and absent ABRs were analysed. They ab initio presented with ailments of .. These two instances had positive household histories of hearing loss every bit good as akin related parents of the 1st grade. Table 1 illustrates the full profile of both these patients. These two patients were considered Discussion Universal direction of auditory neuropathy up until now is still problematic. Ideally, cochlear implants should be implanted in the first twelvemonth of life in kids with sensorineural hearing loss ( SNHL ) . Yet, a little group of patients with AN demonstrate self-generated betterment during the first twelvemonth of life, proposing that the determination sing cochlear nidation should non be made before the first twelvemonth of life ( Raveh et al.2007 ) . A figure of surveies ( Madden et al. 2002 ; Dowley et Al. 2009 ) highlight the value and necessity of neonatal showing of hearing loss. The combined usage of ABRs and OAE are extremely recommended in the testing of all kids diagnosed as holding SNHL ( Madden et al. 2002 ) . However, some argument surrounds the issue of which mode of appraisal should be used in the showing procedure. Definitive future research on which specific trial is most effectual in the sensing of AN is still needed to specify the ideal probe for in neonatal showing. Due to fiscal deductions, we have been unable to put up any signifier of national, or even local of neonatal showing for hearing loss. However, Consanguinity is really common in some subpopulations in Libya. It is associated with a assortment of inborn upsets, including hearing loss and, as demonstrated here in AN ( Raveh et al.2007 ) .

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Quotes

'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' Quotes Mark Twains novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), is the famous tale of Huckleberry Finn, who journeys down the Mississippi River with an escaped slave, Jim. The wit and wisdom of Mark Twain shines through in this novel. Here are a few famous quotations from the novel: There was things which he stretched, but mainly he told the truth. The average man dont like trouble and danger. The pitifulest thing out is a mob; thats what an army isa mob; they dont fight with courage thats born in them, but with courage thats borrowed from their mass, and from their officers. But a mob without any MAN at the head of it is BENEATH pitifulness. Music is a good thing; and after all that soul-butter and hogwash I never see it freshen up things so, and sound so honest and bully. All I say is, kings is kings, and you got to make allowances. Take them all around, theyre a mighty ornery lot. Its the way theyre raised. Its lovely to live on a raft. We had the sky up there, all speckled with stars, and we used to lay on our backs and look up at them, and discuss about whether they was made or only just happened. We said there warnt no home like a raft, after all. Other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft dont. You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. Pray for me! I reckoned if she knowed me shed take a job that was more nearer her size. But I bet she done it, just the sameshe was just that kind. She had the grit to pray for Judus if she took the notionthere warnt no back-down to her, I judge. I haint ever seen her since that time that I see her go out of that door; no, I haint ever seen her since, but I reckon Ive thought of her a many and a many a million times, and of her saying she would pray for me; and if ever Id a thought it would do any good for me to pray for HER, blamed if I wouldnt a done it or bust. Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of a sound that a ghost makes when it wants to tell about something thats on its mind and cant make itself understood, and so cant rest easy in its grave, and has to go about that way every night grieving.

Media and Public Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media and Public Life - Essay Example Such mobile phones include iPhones, for instance the blackberry phones that comprise of copious features like cameras, data storage, games, and text messengers amongst other composite features. With all these features, it is almost obvious that these gadgets are likely to take over the lives of individuals in the society. This essay shall aim to highlight the concept of mobile phones- blackberry phones- and the implications it has had on the public life. This concept shall also be related to the communication theories, in an attempt to understand the entire concept of media and public life. 2.0. Body The use of cell phones in the society almost has no specific age group. Most persons hold the view that use of cell phones allows them develop a sense of identity in the public arena. Davenport, LaRose & Straubhaar (2009) indicate that the use of mobile phones in the contemporary society can be termed as a compulsory need by the populace. This, on a great percentage, has a lot to do with the way people interrelate with each other in the society. With the introduction of the iPhones, for instance the blackberry phones, the society has in simple terms been reduced to an ‘iPhone society’. The youths are worst affected by the technology. A lot of them have been indicated to constantly be on their phones either making calls, sending SMSs, while others use up a lot of their time browsing the internet, predominantly the social media sites like Face book and Twitter. It is based on the fact that it relates to the hypothesis of Incidental Effects by Aldous Huxley, who indicates that the repercussions of the media have a huge relationship with bootlegging of style and mannerisms among persons in the public (Kumar, 2000). This can be applied in the contemporary society today. The mobile phones have experienced a lot of transformations from the telephones, to larger phones and now internet enabled smart phones. In response, a lot of individuals have gone an extra mile to move with the trendy styles especially the young generation who want to be at par with the sassy trends. Conclusively, the society has been reduced to a generation of calls and texts; thus, an advent of a new short form language that makes it easier to communicate. Turtiainen & Oksman (2004) indicate that the use of mobile phones is not only a device for making calls, but has advanced to be more of a chum to the general public. As indicated earlier, the revolution of the mobile phones has developed in an incredible manner allowing individuals to make a lot of contacts, through their internet enabled iPhones. Since human beings are interactive creatures, the blackberry phones have been of great assistance to improving this form of interactions. Sharing of pictures and chatting with online friends is possible through the click of a button. The limitless possibilities have created a situation whereby individuals are able to develop a social life on their mobile phones as their pass time activity. This kind of life provides a form of relief especially when individuals have been through tough times in their lives. This concurs with the Catharsis theory by Semyour Feshbatch, who carried experiments that concluded that components of the media that were less violent have been useful in reducing the anger and frustrations of individuals in the society (Patnaik, 2008). In the case of the social media, a lot of individ

Closed Doors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Closed Doors - Essay Example If a habeas petition is rejected, it is one step in assuring that a Death Row inmate has no more access to making appeals in court. According to Dow (2006), â€Å"[T]he district courts are required to dismiss any action brought by a death row inmate who has already had a federal habeas petition† (pp. 46). Such rejection is tantamount to a death sentence for someone, who might actually be innocent. If someone is unfairly accused of a crime that they did not commit—most likely, in this case, murder—it would only make sense that the defendant should have rights to appeal any rulings. However, for Death Row inmates this is usually not the case. One federal judicial review is allowed if the habeas petition fails. Roberts (2007) states, â€Å"Even if the Court upholds a death sentence, a prisoner still has the option for one last review in the federal court† (pp. 104). Basically, if the judicial review does not look like it will be in the favor of the defendant, the inmate basically has no appeal left in order for recourse. Sadly, our court system only allows one federal judicial review that is at the mercy of one sole judge’s opinion. After the habeas petition has been filed, and the client’s case has gone under federal judicial review, there is basically no other avenue down which a client can proceed.

Business Ethics Current Event Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business Ethics Current Event - Article Example ng the extent and nature of wrongdoing, anonymous incident reporting, assessment of social media reputation, employee surveys, group discussion, tone of management communication, exit interviews, facility interviews, customer complaints, and interviews and focus groups. Tone at the top creates the basis for a culture that motivates confidence and trust among all the key stakeholders of the company (Epps, 2012). The information from the event is related to what was discussed in the class. Strategic management of individuals at the top is crucial for the success of the company. When measuring performance, the top management should be able to distinguish between the different divisions of a company. It is important to note that managers usually perform well despite the poor performance of a business unit due to factors that beyond the control of the manager (Maher, Stickney, and Weil, 2012). Legal and ethical compliance is crucial in developing the social responsibility image of the company. Legal compliance entails the extent to which the company conforms to a number of laws such as the state, federal, local, and international laws. On the other hand, ethical compliance relates to the level to which the members of the company follow the general legal and ethical standards of behavior (Griffin, 2011). In conclusion, the tone of the top management is important in determining company’s success. It also determines how the company complies with various programs. Thus, it is important to develop ways through the tone at the top can be assessed. As stated before, the compliance professionals can assist each other in evaluating the tone at the top through various methods. For instance, methods such as anonymous incident reporting, assessment of social media reputation, employee surveys, group discussion, tone of management communication, and exit interviews. Thus, the information from the event is related to some of the topics discussed in the class such as strategic top

Ethics Playing A Role In Modern Graphic Design Media Essay

Ethics Playing A Role In Modern Graphic Design Media Essay Undoubtedly, graphic design is a vital component of todays society. It has become increasingly involved in various fields, fuelling the market- and profit-oriented sectors rather than fulfilling the initial aim of pure artistic impression. That was a long time ago though. The modern trends dictate to produce more, promote more, buy more and that way, a designer becomes a marionette ruled by marketing professionals and advertising companies. This way, a designer becomes a tool of consumerism with power and might to change the perception of public. However, there are more issues to be addressed when talking about the importance of ethics in graphic design social responsibility, green design, subliminal advertising, the ethics of retouching, and many more. In fact, it can be said that graphic design as we know it nowadays is clearly being defined by the contemporary state of society and undoubtedly, vice versa as well. Where the society would be without graphic design? Where the graphic design would be if the designers would not need to follow the wishes of marketing and advertising sector? With the power the designers have, they can easily overcome regional boundaries and influence the views and values of society worldwide. Sadly, many of them do not think about the immense impact they are capable of; does that mean that ethics should not play a role in modern graphic design? With the development of technologies, the designers scope keeps constantly changing, as well as its effect on the society. What might not have been an issue 60 years later may now be considered a real problem. In this paper, I will discuss the significance of following the ethical principles in the field of graphic design. I will pinpoint the importance of it through touching main historical events and the transformation of society, which eventually lead to releasing the First Things First Manifesto; I will discuss the role of designer in todays society and effects of subliminal advertising and retouching on the audience. Last but not least, I will briefly touch the influence of designers on ecological sustainability and so-called green design. According to Jessica Helfand, graphic design is visual language uniting harmony and balance, colour and light, scale and tension, form and content. But it is also an idiomatic language, a language of cues and puns and symbols and allusions, of cultural references and perceptual inferences that challenge both the intellect and the eye (Shaugnessy, 2005, p. 18). However, this rather eloquent statement does not take into consideration the fact that in past decades, design has become more of a socio-economic tool for generating profit and that is precisely the point where the ethics, moral values and principles come in. Even though ethics can be quite simply defined as a discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online, 2010), the variety of ethical aspects in design greatly exceeds this interpretation. Bearing in mind that graphic design is a non-verbal medium, a designer usually acts only as a mediator between the client and potential audience. However, design requires not only strong communication skills and cultural awareness, but also firm ethical and aesthetical beliefs. As a matter of fact, design is a social activity with social consequences (Shaugnessy, 2009). In fact, ethics in graphic design could be looked at from two different viewpoints personal and professional (GD Users Manual). While personal aspects reflect designers moral values, principles, and personal philosophy, the professional ones are concentrated mostly around business code, thus the partnership between a designer and a client. Even though the discussion and awareness about the business aspect of ethics in design have risen significantly in past years, there has not been enough exploration and consideration of its moral side. One of the key factors to influence graphic design is that it is a relatively liberate discipline (Shaugnessy, 2009). Whereas most of the other fields are in some way (what way?) regulated, the moral side of graphic design is left to be dealt with by the designers themselves. That, as it has been mentioned already, requires firm ethical principles. Graphic design in its own nature is very proximate to the ethical questions and issues the society faces at the present time; therefore it is implied in social change. Ranging from animal rights, global warming and nutrition to politics, smoking and workplace violence, graphic design as a communication tool is always present. However, that renders a question whether the designers are the ones to praise or blame for the problems and changes within the society. Kalle Lasn, the founder of the anti-consumerist Adbusters magazine, took this viewpoint at his talk at the Royal College of Art, London (Dudley and Mealing, 2000). First Things First 2000 manifesto (FTF2000), which followed the legendary 1964 manifesto of the same name, deals with a need of moral values in graphic design and visual communication. All the 33 undersigned designers and art directors take quite a firm stand in this matter by claiming that graphic design has gone too far from its original values and ended up being a blatant marketing and advertising tool for generating profit. That in fact reflects not only in the way how people perceive graphic design, but also in a way the society acts, thinks and feels. First Things First 2000: A Design Manifesto We, the undersigned, are graphic designers, art directors and visual communicators who have been raised in a world in which the techniques and apparatus of advertising have persistently been presented to us as the most lucrative, effective and desirable use of our talents. Many design teachers and mentors promote this belief; the market rewards it; a tide of books and publications reinforces it. Encouraged in this direction, designers then apply their skill and imagination to sell dog biscuits, designer coffee, diamonds, detergents, hair gel, cigarettes, credit cards, sneakers, butt toners, light beer and heavy-duty recreational vehicles. Commercial work has always paid the bills, but many graphic designers have now let it become, in large measure, what graphic designers do. This, in turn, is how the world perceives design. The professions time and energy is used up manufacturing demand for things that are inessential at best. Many of us have grown increasingly uncomfortable with this view of design. Designers who devote their efforts primarily to advertising, marketing and brand development are supporting, and implicitly endorsing, a mental environment so saturated with commercial messages that it is changing the very way citizen-consumers speak, think, feel, respond and interact. To some extent we are all helping draft a reductive and immeasurably harmful code of public discourse. There are pursuits more worthy of our problem-solving skills. Unprecedented environmental, social and cultural crises demand our attention. Many cultural interventions, social marketing campaigns, books, magazines, exhibitions, educational tools, television programs, films, charitable causes and other information design projects urgently require our expertise and help. We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication a mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design. In 1964, 22 visual communicators signed the original call for our skills to be put to worthwhile use. With the explosive growth of global commercial culture, their message has only grown more urgent. Today, we renew their manifesto in expectation that no more decades will pass before it is taken to heart. What could become possible if designers used their power to influence choices and beliefs in a positive and sustainable way? (Berman, p. 13) The vital message of FTF2000 is to design for good. However, good and bad are still very vague terms and since no guides exist on this topic, it depends upon a designer whether they choose to work for a certain client, use dirty marketing practices or promote possibly harmful, unfavourable and detrimental products. That being the case, it could be said that design and ethics go hand in hand and design for good is in fact a matter of choice. Graphic designers like Tibor Kalman inspired the designers to take responsibility for their works. Throughout his career, he urged designers to question the effects of their works and refuse to accept any clients product exactly the way it appears to be. Kalman inspired graphic designers to use their work to increase public awareness of a variety of social issues. (Milton Glaser Big Think) Undoubtedly, design has impact on society and changes within it. From the extreme point of view, it might seem that customers are absolutely vulnerable to the messages communicated by designers, and therefore accept the information automatically and behave accordingly. Regulatory codes within graphic design The essential part of this problem is regulation. Designers are not obliged to abide any codes, apart from the most essential ones like constitution, and the freedom of their profession makes them extremely vulnerable to moral questions. In other fields, eg. movie industry, it is quite common that a supreme body regulates and assesses the suitability and advisability of particular scenes. If the children are not supposed to see a scene which involves violence, death, or sex, it is alright for them to see a very graphic anti-abortion billboard, picturing an aborted foetus in a puddle of blood? In fact, that has been happening in Slovakia since 2007, when CBR Europe (European branch of The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform, USA) firstly released the aforementioned campaign. However, the controversial billboards caused a big wave of disagreement due to its graphic nature. CBR Europe has announced that regardless of the violent nature of campaign, it has been successful and the number of abo rtions in Slovakia has decreased. Even though graphic designers, just like everybody else, have right to express their viewpoints, opinions and attitudes, their work should not be biased. However, who is the one to judge goodness or badness of moral principles of an individual? . GOVERNMENT / ORGANIZATIONS LEADERS From another point of view, this freedom of expression is a cornerstone of democratic rights and freedoms. Nevertheless, neither freedom of speech nor any other freedom is absolute; otherwise there would be no charges for promoting racial, ethnic, gender, disability discrimination and other prejudicial treatments and ideologies. Therefore it is essential for a designer to abide to both personal and public principles. Undoubtedly, personal values vary from person to person the key here is to be aware of them. When not thinking further behind the pursuit of aesthetics many designers strive for, one cannot possibly reflect their values and principles in the works. Many associations of design principles give a hand to designers with both personal and public ones. Just like in with any other profession ranging from doctors to lawyers, the need for applying ethical principles in graphic design calls for recognition. Most of the international and regional design associations have their code of ethics, often known as rules of professional conduct. AIGA (formerly American Institute of Graphic Arts), the professional association for design, released their first edition of Design Business + Ethics in 2001. The most current version issued in 2009 emphasises the importance of existence of ethical standards and the firm mutual bonds between a designer, client and content the both sides deal with. Adherence to a common set of principles is critical to estab ­lishing design as a true profession, with an ethos based on respect for clients, other designers, audiences, society and the environment (AIGA, 2009: 9). Apart from infringement of copyright, human rights, , a professional designer shall avoid projects that will result in harm to the public (AIGA, 2009: 34). The Chartered Society of Designers based in London, UK, accept their membership applicants not only based on qualification and presented works, but also on knowledge in the field of preference and professionalism. These are proved during an interview. To meet the latter requirement, the applicants shall demonstrate that they practice with integrity, maintain ethics and values, operate professionally (CSD, 2009: 2). The role of graphic design in consumerism As Berman states, designers are at the core of the most efficient, most destructive pattern of deception in human history (., p.22). Designers used to be generally seen as tools of capitalism. Creating brands, packaging, and marketing for consumer goods, graphic designers became an integral part of the free market system as they were contributing to wealth within the society. Passing the information through subliminal advertising Simply put, subliminal advertising could be defined as integrating hidden messages within printed or digital media. It [the concept of subliminal perception] suggests that peoples thoughts, feelings and actions are influenced by stimuli that are perceived without any awareness of perceiving (Kadzin, 2000). Through various psychological and neurological studies it was proved that subliminal perception is most likely to occur in patients with neurological damage or those who are undergoing general anaesthesia. In such cases, they usually not realize the stimuli but subconsciously respond to it anyway. As the means of convincing and manipulating the potential viewers into certain actions and behaviours, subliminal advertising has been assigned quite spectacular power in the past. This method counts on mental vulnerability of customers and their automatic acceptance of the pictured message. From the psychological point of view, the threshold of consciousness varies from person to person and some people might be influenced by subliminal messaging. Wilson Bryan Kay, an author of several controversial books on subliminal messaging, argued that the power of advertising has been often increased by embedding sexual subtext and/or word sex within it. His main argument is that even though the sexual tone of the advertisement is not consciously perceived, subconsciously it causes increase in sexual desires, resulting in making the advertised product more appealing. Even though the tests with subliminal messages have run since late 1950s, the scientific research behind this phenomenon has neither confirmed nor refuted the potential success in altering customers views and will subconsciously. Nonetheless, if the subliminal messages are powerful enough to change peoples views and behaviour, the ethical matters are definitely in question. In fact, we would be dealing with violation of a persons right for privacy. While subconscious messages could be used for not only dirty purposes but also for decent ones (eg. persuading people not to lie), the final effect would still be manipulating peoples actions which is not any less unethical. The person communicating his or her ideas through subconscious messages has no right to manipulate and brainwash other peoples minds. Due to this fact, subliminal messages are generally being perceived as unethical and are banned, among others, in USA, Canada and Australia. Ethical issues in photography and retouching Bearing in mind that graphic designers are in fact visual artists, they have a rather immense power in changing the perception of people who see their works. Retouching is a perfect example of how the relatively small actions have changed the image of beauty within our society. Majority of the people would agree that retouching of the models for marketing campaigns poured oil into fire when speaking about the perception of beauty. Being exposed to the modern, even though retouched notion of visual appearance, many women feel insecure about their looks and body. Arguably, the media most certainly contributes to dieting and size discrimination (http://www.something-fishy.org/cultural/themedia.php), which are often a founding ground for development of an eating disorder. Not only in cases like the one above, the designers and commercial artists in general need to take a firm stance on their moral values and principles. The world of design and visual communication calls for a greater responsibility in decision-making (.?) because the visual elements often speak as clearly as words spoken out loud. In order to support a call for higher standards in photojournalism and advertising, there has been a movement to ban or clearly label retouched images. Even though this idea has support of several countries including United Kingdom, Switzerland and France, it is very unlikely to be adopted soon as it would require complicated regulations to be set up. Historical significance of graphic design Undoubtedly, the graphic design has been a very important element in shaping the history. Since the early 20th century, it has been continuously growing in its significance. Throughout the past, design was an inseparable component of considerable number of events which defined the world as we know it today. Graphic design, regardless of ethical consequences of the communicated message, potentially played a key role at the period of Second World War. The commercial aspect of graphic design was taken to its greatest and darkest heights in Nazi Germany in a terrible exemplar of the true power of design (http://www.provokateur.com/news/index.php/2009/07/08/provokateurs-take-on-ethical-communications/). However, as Eileen MacAvery Kane (2010) states, the similar strategies were implied in eras of Fascist Italy, Stalins and Lenins USSR, and Maos China. In all four cases, the leaders turned graphic design into a powerful manipulative tool to influence lives of millions of people. Throughout the history, several infamously known symbols have been created, be it the swastika and gothic typography of Hitlers Germany, Mussolinis streamlined Futurist posters and Black Shirt uniforms, the stolid Social Realism of Stalins USSR and Maos Little Red Book (amazon), which were used in in a wide variety of propaganda, from posters, magazines and advertisements to uniforms, flags and figurines (amazon). Moreover, the physical and mental characteristics of the leaders were often depicted on various means of visual communication, converting a person into public icon and thus building up the trustworthiness of the whole regime. Such steps could be compared to contemporary advertising practices. Another strong example from the field of politics is Barack Obamas 2008 election campaign. The logo, designed by a Chicago company Sender LLC, is often described as a rising sun symbolising hope and the main strength of Obamas campaign is visual coherence of all the main elements. Shepard Fairey, the American designer and illustrator who stands behind the famous HOPE poster for Obamas campaign, has proven that the power of visual communication on popular opinion is still immense. Even though he was not hired to create a poster for Obama and his team denied any involvement in creation of the aforementioned piece, it has proven to be very successful. Once the campaign was over, Fairey received a letter from Obama which reads: I would like to thank you for using your talent in support of my campaign. The political messages involved in your work have encouraged Americans to believe they can help change the status quo. Your images have a profound effect on people, whether seen in a gallery or on a stop sign. (http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory?id=6811991) (http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/posters/dove.jpg) (http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/outofline/BARACK-hope-POSTER-1.jpg) (http://www.clickpopmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/obama.jpg) When compared to both posters above (Image 1, Image 2), Barack Obamas visuals share certain elements with them. Apparently, use of blue, white and red is conditioned by country the posters (Image 2, 3) were created for; however, a  portrait of a  person is central element in all of them. Both Hitler and Obama are looking to future, which is supported by strong slogans (Long Live Germany! and HOPE) and bold typography. Moreover, both use a  symbolism of sun or sun rays in their campaigns. These are all facts a  viewer processes subconsciously. Would have people believed in future of Germany promised by Adolf Hitler if he was depicted striking a  different pose, doing a  different gesture, if the background did not show his supporters? Would Obama have been elected if Fairey had never released his iconic poster? Of course, politics is not only about visual side of campaigns but bearing in mind the mind-blowing success the abovementioned heads of states had received, it can be said that graphic design plays an extremely important role in our lives. As Graham Milton (n.d.) stated in his blog, propaganda exists today in the form of advertising and design because it is the most effective tool for influencing popular opinion. Indeed, all mass media is capable of this manipulation ( http://www.grahammilton.com/blog/art/illustrated/power-of-design-power-of-propaganda/). Manipulation, a practice involving influence or control over the others to ones own advantage, cannot possibly be looked at as an ethical action. This matter o f fact touches not only politics but all the possible fields graphic design is present in and cannot be ignored anymore. Business and commercial aspect of ethics in graphic design Sustainability and social responsibility

Face to Face with Death in Hagar :: Hagar Essays

Face to Face with Death in Hagar As Hagar faces implications of growing old, she starts on a tumultuous journey, not one of her own choice, but one of destiny. She goes through different stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance of the fact that death will come, invited or not. At one time every individual is faced with death, horrific to the young, or inviting to the sick and the old. Death is interpreted as the end of existence, but to those who believe in the afterlife, as a whole new chapter of the unknown. When Hagar realizes the proximity of death, she is in denial. She comes to live in a world of memories in the past. She created her own illusion because she cannot understand the weakness coming forth in her, like her tears "the incontinent wetness of the infirm" (pg. 31). All her life, she was hard, never showing emotion, even through the death of John. You can see her softening near the end, although she would not admit it. In addition to denial, she reaches a stage of anger and indignance with herself and others in the small world that is her life. She can no longer perform the simplest tasks such as dressing herself or walking down the stairs. It irks her to need help, which is one of the reasons she can't stand Doris. She is also angry at the lack of emotional control as she perceives how "laden with self‑pity" (pg. 31) her voice sounds when arguing with Marvin in one instance. She cannot control how her "mouth speaks by itself, the words flowing from somewhere, some half hidden hurt" (pg. 68). After the denial and anger begin to fade, she attempts a short bargaining period where she wonders what if. She even tells God to bless her or not "just as You please" (pg. 307), but she would not beg. But even though she attempts to wrestle against the inevitable, there is always a constant reminder. She places her belief in herself only and faults other's credibility, such as Doctor Tappen's, to maintain the illusion now hanging by a flimsy thread. When Hagar realizes she cannot control or stop the process of old age, she becomes depressed and distant. When she hears about Silverthreads, she is "overcome with fear, the feelings one has when the ether mask goes on, when the mind cries out to the limbs, 'flail against the thing', but the limbs are already touched with lethargy, bound and lost" (pg.

Simulation Experimentation

7.5 Simulation Experiment Once the base ‘push’ and ‘pull’ theoretical accounts were validated and verified, the following measure was to make up one's mind on patterns that could be included in the simulation survey and their degree scene. So, the simulation experimentation was carried in two phases. 7.5.1 Initial Experiment The initial experimentation was used to make up one's mind the degree of alterations to be made and for confirmation of patterns. Along with the present position, following fluctuations were considered for initial experimentation.Layout alteration: layout alteration with alterations in machine location and cell layoutSetup clip: 25 % less and 50 % lessAverage clip to mend ( MTTR ) : 25 % less, 50 % less and 25 % morePull Model: 100 % production as per agenda and no FGI available, 100 % production as per agenda and existent FGIRejection: 25 % less and 50 % lessLoad and unload clip: 25 % less and 50 % less.Table 7.6 Consequences of mated T-test for past informations cogency of ‘push’ type simulation theoretical accountJ948336256– 0.370.0872.04477550230.1780.6970.408– 405823570.7760.004– 4.555J8109226631.0850.3191.08574911380.790.1321.741– 34315860.3050.588-0.573J7-159022040.1220.105-1.90914512210.6330.7640.31417352696-0.0330.141.702J6135539420.0 280.3980.914024530.9470.0572.347-9534124-0.0740.563-0.612J5199056750.4860.3890.928222221120.5990.0322.78323257940.570.9190.106J4114659710.0890.630.508158717140.6590.052.4494417322-0.50.8790.159J3939713869-0.1040.1231.793-18772610.6130.948-0.068-9584113260.2230.066-2.239J2122543590.9650.4850.7442955120100.6850.5390.6511730104570.7060.6770.438J1208776080.9760.4950.7262650224310.740.7650.313563187730.7630.9390.079Stat. ParameterMeanStd. Dev.Correlationp-valuet-valueMeanStd. Dev.Correlationp-valuet-valueMeanStd. Dev.Correlationp-valuet-valueComparison betweenPlanned- ActualPlanned- ‘push’ theoretical accountActual- ‘push’ theoretical accountProduction sequence: high to low volume and low to high volumeHandiness: 25 % less and 25 % moreRaw Material Schedule: current natural stuff procurance program, agenda bringings after 5 yearss, with and without opening RMI, 5 % extra stuff procurance, with current bringing public presentation, 100 % bringing measure and brin ging public presentation7.5.1.1 Layout Alterations The layout to be used for the JIT system should hold maximal visibleness, lower limit walking, minimal stuff handling, facilitates monitoring of work come ining and go forthing the cell and workers can handily collaborate to smooth flow and address jobs. Schonberger ( 1982 ) , Korgaonker ( 2005 ) and other research workers have stressed on the usage of streamlined U shaped layout and formation of fabricating cells based on group engineering ( GT ) attack. The current layout of the imperativeness machine store is a combination of U-shaped and L-shaped layout. The country of the imperativeness store is 625 m2including the country required for imperativeness machines, rework country, racks for hive awaying the dies and tooling which is non excessively large for the stuff and tool motion. The P9 machine was the lone machine outside the close U-type. The operator and the stuff have to be placed in the gangway. So, consequently the machine P9 was shifted in topographic point of P6, which i s non being used. The infinite restraint besides does non let the change of current layout into the complete U type layout. The layout was analyzed to verify the locations of the machines within the given layout. From-To chart showed that the current layout produces minimal backtracking. In order to use group engineering ( GT ) attack, two types of cells were formed. As shown in Table 7.7, two cells were formed based on fabrication properties and by switching some of the operations performed on machines P5, P7 and P8. The measure of constituents J5 and J8 is really less as compared to occupation J1, J2 and J3. So, it would non be advisable to save the machines P5, P7 and P8 entirely for these two occupations. So, it could be considered that the imperativeness store with 11 machines formed one cell. In another attack, the simulation theoretical account was developed in which the machines with similar capacities were grouped together to organize the cell as shown in Table 7.8. The first bin of a batch selects the first available imperativeness in the cell assigned to that operation. If none of the imperativenesss are available, the bins wait until a imperativeness is available. After a imperativeness has been selected, all bins in that batch will be routed to the selected imperativeness for that peculiar operation. The production public presentation of this layout was compared with the base ‘push’ theoretical account stand foring current scenario. It was observed that monthly production of J2, J3 and J5 is drastically reduced while the addition in the production of J1, J8 and J9 is really fringy. Similarly, lead clip additions drastically and machine use besides reduces. Therefore, both the attacks have shown negative tendencies of steps. So, it was decided to follow the current layout as the best suited option. Table 7.7 Cell formation based on fabrication propertiesCell No.Press machines in the cellJobs manufactured in the cell11, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12 7 machines1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9 7 occupations24, 5, 7, 10 4 machines5, 8 2 occupations.Table 7.8 Cell formation based on machine capacityCell No.Press machines in the cellCapacity14, 540 Short ton2780 Short ton33100 Short ton42, 8, 9110 Short ton51, 10, 11, 12160 Short ton7.5.1.2 Line Balancing Line reconciliation is a particular job for assorted type of production ( Schonberger, 1982 ) . The imperativeness store under consideration was analyzed for available and needed figure of shots. The analysis is presented in Table 7.9 for the month of January. It can be observed that the shots remain unutilized or balanced. The analysis for all the seven months showed similar tendencies except for the month of February and March. For the intent of computations, the overall minimal shots available were considered which are well lower than available for high volume occupations like J1 and J2. So, line reconciliation was besides non a concern for the imperativeness store. Table 7.9 Capacity analysis for the month of JanuaryImperativenessJobs utilizing imperativeness and corresponding measureMin. CapacityMin. parts / twenty-four hoursRequired shotsBalance shotsOccupationQtyOccupationQtyOccupationQtyOccupationQtyP1J21128J3245250350013732127P2J12246J2112825035003374126P3J21128J3245J4316J772333466217612901P4J8157J815730342423143928P5J3245J3245J540840056008984702P7J4316J5408J815730342428813361P8J12246J21128J772385539034461944P9J12246J4316J9101J9101286400427641240P10J5408J9101J910125035006102890P11J21128J3245J9101J9101250350015751925P12J21128J6273J62732002800167411267.5.1.3 Production Sequence The constituents to be produced by imperativeness store includes some high volume occupations such as J1, J2, and J3 and some low volume occupations such as J7, J8 and J9. The sequence in which these occupations are scheduled affects the public presentation of imperativeness store. The simulation was carried out by scheduling the production from high to low ( on the footing of production volume ) and from low to high. The consequences indicated that in both the instances production lessenings and WIP increases drastically. So, the current attack of assorted type sequencing was maintained for ‘push’ and ‘pull’ theoretical accounts. 7.5.1.3 Raw Material Procurement Schedule In the initial experimentation of ‘push’ type simulation theoretical account, some cases of ‘stock out’ state of affairss were observed. If the natural stuff measure in the shop was less than the twenty-four hours ‘s demand, the theoretical account calculated the figure of full bins that could be produced utilizing the bing natural stuff in the shop. The balance was added to the following twenty-four hours ‘s order. Current procurance of natural stuff is in immense tonss bring forthing higher RMI.The public presentation of the sellers in footings of adhering to the measure and clip of bringing is really good. Average ‘On clip delivery’ public presentation is 99.24 % and the ‘right quantity’ public presentation is 95.50 % . Even though, the seller public presentation is moderately good, the works experienced arrests due to ‘non-availability of material’ on the one manus and high stock list of natural stuff on the other. So, the new procurance agenda was developed to avoid the ‘stock out’ state of affairs with minimal possible natural stuff stock list. Assorted options such as agenda bringings after 5 yearss with and without opening RMI were considered. Still, some occasions of ‘stock out’ were observed. So, 5 % extra stuff was added to the procurance measure in order to counterbalance for possible rejections. Opening natural stuff stock list at the beginning of the simulation was assumed. The bringing public presentation in footings of quality and bringing timing was modeled as per paradigm execution. 7.5.1.4 Setup Time Setup clip decrease is the most of import technique that enables JIT refillings. The set-up clip is the elapsed clip from when the last portion of the current tally is completed until the work centre starts running the first good piece of the following tally. Entire setup clip consists of the clip required readying, mounting and unhorsing, focus oning, dimensioning and puting measure, and test tallies and accommodations. For the imperativeness store under consideration, the mean set-up clip is 14.4 proceedingss, the maximal being 30 proceedingss and the lower limit is 10 proceedingss. Along with the other parametric quantities related to the apparatus procedure, apparatus clip depends on the tunnage capacity of the imperativeness and weight of the dies. Some larger machines like 3,000 dozenss with 35 ton dies, the universe criterion for set-up is 10 proceedingss, whereas Toyata was able to accomplish the set-up for similar machines in 3 proceedingss. The maximal capacity of the imper ativeness in the imperativeness store is 160 tones and lower limit is 40 tones. Compared to the criterions, presently the set-up clip is really high. The survey of set-up procedure at the imperativeness store under consideration reveals that it uses the traditional manner of puting dies. All the dies are stored in the rack built really near to the machine cell. Tooling needed for puting up is kept near to the rack. Forklifts, wires and ropes, and skidding methods are used to interchange the dies. Lot of accommodation work is performed to do a good portion during attempt outs. External set-ups are kept ready most of the clip, but still there are issues such as deficiency of be aftering due to some of import and pressing orders due to reshuffle of production agenda, unorganised readying and eventually, some hapless executing of the conversion. Sometimes, it is further deteriorated due to miss of preciseness equipment, no set control bounds, wear and rupture on tooling, fixtures, equipment, deficiency of criterions or mention points and non-documented work methods. The clip required for machine accommodations, trials to run into need ed dimensions or quality facets is besides high. Other discretional clip taken by the compositors besides adds to the apparatus clip. The set-up clip can be reduced significantly through focused and problem-solving low-priced attacks such as organizing a cross-functional squad ; separation of external and internal apparatuss ; standardisation of internal apparatus processs ; usage of standardised parts, tools and fixtures ; decease clamping system that works with a assortment of die sizes ; mounting line up blocks ; usage of preset-positions, gigues and fixtures, lasting mention lines and ram accommodations. For the imperativeness store under considerations, the observation of current apparatus patterns and the setup clip required thereof, there exists a big potency to cut down the set-up clip based on the countries for possible betterment. For the intent of repairing the per centum decrease in apparatus clip, the simulations were conducted at 25 % less and 50 % less and 25 % more. With the 25 % decrease, alterations in production, lead clip and WIP was non much and discernible. Besides, the alterations reflected could be due to the random coevals of apparatus clip harmonizing to the exponential distribution. So, for the intent of change overing the system to JIT, the apparatus clip was reduced clip by 50 % , which is rather possible and practical. 7.5.1.5 Rejection Rate The quality of the constituents being produced by the imperativeness machines is really of import public presentation index. For the imperativeness store under consideration, the mean rejection rate is 3.33 % , the maximal being 4.5 % and the lower limit is 2.0 % . The high per centum of rejection leads to decrease in concluding production measure, bit, rework and increased cost. Due to inability to run into the production agenda because of higher rejection rates, less handiness and higher MTTR, the company has to often run into the marks by overtime. In the imperativeness store, factors impacting reject rate are die quality ( design, wear and care ) , preventative care, proper apparatus, procedure monitoring and operator preparation. Some minor undertakings related to constituents of brake pedal and door beam were successfully completed at the imperativeness store. It shows that some more continual betterment undertakings can be successfully executed to cut down the rejection rate. The simulation theoretical account was run by cut downing the rejection rate by 25 % and 50 % . The decrease in rejection rate provides seeable alterations in the end product. The betterment undertakings completed besides indicate that the decrease in rejection rate of 50 % is accomplishable by systematic analysis, betterment and control. 7.5.1.6 Supplier Quality Management As mentioned above, the sellers are reputed and have a really good record of bringing clip and measure. On the quality forepart, the providers are executing moderately good. Out of 118 bringings over 7 months ; 69 times at that place was no rejection at inward subdivision. For staying 59 times, the mean credence was 91.54 % . The whole batch was rejected merely one time and was non considered in RM agenda. The natural stuff required for the imperativeness store is cut from the procured sheets. So, there are some rejections after shearing due to dimensional and geometrical issues. Supplier quality direction is ensured by puting rejection of inward stuff to zero. 7.5.1.7 Equipment Development for Reduction in MTTR Equipment design and development are really betterments to the production procedure itself as it has a direct and significant impact on the cost, quality, and production clip of merchandises. Simple equipment is easy to manage and later reduces the MTBF, MTTR and improves handiness. Few alterations were made in the bought out machines to ease easy care, to cut down MTTR and better quality of production. These alterations are as follows:Power relays were often neglecting due to fluctuation in electromotive force. Relays were mounted inside the machine near the electric motor and were taking a long clip to mend. The location of the relays was changed and was brought outside of the machine. The replacing clip was reduced from 40 proceedingss to a few proceedingss.For the safety of the operator and to avoid idle shot, exposure detectors were mounted. It reduced the opportunities of accidents and dislocations.The jobs of hiting, cleft, thinning and furrows were reduced by utilizing a cust omized padding cylinder.The breakdown frequence of the bracket of the stacker was reduced by developing new mechanism.The shock absorber pins were responsible for doing the hole oblong and faulty. The bearing country was increased by replacing the earlier little home base with a bigger diameter. Once it was successful in one machine, it had been horizontally deployed to all the machines.The review and care of the clasp assembly was hard and clip consuming because of its location and weight. The squad developed the keeping mechanism for 160T machine which was utile to skid the constituents, cut downing the clip for review and care.Together with the above alterations, rapid motion of the random-access memory during the return shot could besides be implemented. The observation of the causes of dislocation showed that the happenings of electrical jobs were frequent. The failure of parts such as contactors, spiral, relays, coppice, fuse, switches, wires, etc. was the major beginning of d islocation. Depending on the frequence, the spares could be made available in the box attached at the back side of the machines. It would ease easy handiness of the same for look intoing and replacing. Therefore, decrease in MTTR by 25 % and 50 % were simulated for initial tallies of the simulation. 50 % decrease in MTTR was selected for concluding experimentation to hold noticeable alterations in the public presentation indexs and to suit for random coevals of values. 7.5.1.7 Handiness Similarly, the losingss in the production clip were due to decease dislocation job, machine startup, quality defect and rework losingss, velocity losingss, manpower deficits, apparatus and accommodation losingss, stuff related job, seek out and minor arrests, power inaccessibility, and interrupt down losingss. It showed that assorted grounds were lending to the loss in handiness. The apparatus and trial clip could be reduced as explained in apparatus clip decrease. The preventative care of imperativeness machines and dies would cut down the arrests due to machine dislocation and die failure. The breakdown losingss and other care related losingss could be reduced by implementing preventative care. The computerized care information system would bring forth the agenda of care for each hebdomad which included hebdomadally, half annual and annual care activities. This information would be helpful in put to deathing the scheduled care. The preparation of the operator, formation of care and development squads would assist in bettering the handiness the machines. So, it could be considered that the handiness could be improved by 25 % . 7.5.1.8 Loading and Unloading clip In other patterns such as burden and unloading clip, independent care was besides looked in. Loading and droping was done manually. The mean loading clip was 3.70 seconds while droping clip was 3.58 seconds. Use of turn uping pins, pokayoke, proper workstation design, stuff provender and storage system could be used to cut down the burden and unloading clip. Therefore 25 % decrease was assumed in lading and unloading clip. 7.5.1.9 Autonomous Care Care that is performed by the machine operator instead than the care staff is known as independent care. It includes undertakings such as lubricating and fastening machine parts, cleansing, and reviews to observe abnormalcies and possible malfunctions at the earliest. Extra 15 proceedingss of clip was provided while implementing this pattern in the simulation theoretical account. The company location is about 7Km from the OEM site and has third party logistics for the bringing. After each displacement the finished constituents are delivered to the OEM. In the extra 15 proceedingss of clip provided, the operators are supposed to execute independent care. The operators can run any of the imperativeness machines and besides aid during the apparatus of machines. Therefore, operators are involved in a assortment of related undertakings stand foring multifunctional properties of workers. Design for fabrication pattern besides could hold been considered by uniting some operations utilizing progressive dies. Human related patterns, being intangible in nature, were excluded during the simulation survey. After the initial experimentation, the patterns to be included in the concluding experimentation and the degree of fluctuation were finalized. Table 7.10 shows the patterns and matching alterations effected while implementing a peculiar paradigm.